Copyright 2024 IBD Clinic.
You are likely to hear and read many new medical terms. This section explains some of the terms most often used. Use the Ctrl+F (or Cmd+F) function to search for specific terms.
Abdomen
the part of the body containing the digestive organs, including the stomach, intestines, pancreas, liver, gallbladder and colon.
Abscess
a pus filled area that becomes red, swollen and painful, usually in response to an infection. In people with Crohn’s, abscesses may form in the abdomen or in the anal and rectal area.
Acid reflux
a ‘burning’ sensation usually felt in the chest when stomach acid flows back up into the oesophagus. Commonly called heartburn.
Acute (illness)
beginning suddenly and often severe, but usually lasting a short time.
Adalimumab (Humira)
a drug used to treat IBD. See anti-TNF drugs.
Adhesions
bands of scar tissue which are usually the result of surgery and that attach the area of surgery to another surface, such as a section of intestine.
Etiology
the medical cause/s of disease.
Aminosalicylic acid or 5-ASA
a type of drug used to reduce inflammation and decrease the risk of relapse in IBD. Types include Mesalamine, Mesalazine, Olsalazine and Sulphasalazine.
Anemia
reduced numbers of red blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen around the body. Lack of red blood cells can cause tiredness and shortness of breath. In IBD, anaemia may be due to blood loss and/or poor intake or absorption of vitamins or iron.
Anal fissure
a crack or split in the skin around the anus, which is often painful and may cause bleeding. In Crohn’s Disease it may become deeper and may be referred to as an ‘anal ulcer’.
Anal sphincter
a ring of muscle surrounding the anal canal, controlling the opening and closing of the anus.
Analgesic
a type of drug used to relieve pain. Commonly called a painkiller, an example is paracetamol.
Anastomosis
the surgical joining of two ends of bowel (intestine) after a surgeon has cut out a diseased part of bowel (resection).
Ankylosing spondylitis
a chronic inflammatory disease of the spine and adjacent joints, which causes pain and stiffness in the spine, neck, hips and ribcage. This can occur in people with IBD.
Antibiotics
drugs used to fight bacterial infections including complications of IBD such as abscesses and fistulae.
Antibodies
proteins in the blood that destroy or neutralise antigens (see next page). Antibodies are produced by white blood cells in response to specific antigens, as part of the body’s immune system. Antibodies can also be manufactured as medicines.
Anti-diarrheals
medicines that slow down the contractions (muscle movements) of the gut. This makes food move through more slowly and allows more water to be absorbed so stools (faeces) become firmer and less urgent.
Antigen
a substance, such as a virus or bacterium, which the body’s immune system recognises as ‘foreign’. The immune system responds by producing antibodies against the antigen.
Anti-spasmodic
a type of drug used to reduce painful spasms in the gut, such as hyoscine butylbromide (Buscopan).
Anti-TNF drugs
a type of ‘biologic’ drug used to treat IBD. Anti-TNF drugs work by blocking the effects of TNF-alpha, an inflammatory substance in the blood produced in excessive amounts in some people with IBD. Examples are infliximab and adalimumab.
Anus (back passage)
the opening at the lower end of the gastrointestinal tract, at the end of the rectum. The anal canal is the short passage that connects the anus to the rectum.
Appendix
a narrow tube-like pouch attached to the caecum (see next column).
Arthritis
inflammation of a joint causing pain, swelling and stiffness. The pain in the joints can be called arthralgia.
Azathioprine (Imuran)
an immunosuppressant drug used to treat IBD instead of, or as well as, steroids or 5-ASAs. This drug acts slowly and is generally used for years rather than months.
Bacteria
minute organisms that exist in the environment and in our body. There are billions of bacteria in the intestines. Some are harmless, while others may cause infection, particularly when the body’s resistance is lowered. However, others can be helpful in digestion and in destroying harmful organisms.
Barium enema
a type of investigation used to examine the colon. A white liquid containing barium is put nto the colon via the anus in order to coat the bowel lining. This helps to give a clear x-ray mage of the bowel.
Barium meal and follow through
a type of test in which liquid barium is drunk. This helps to clarify the outline of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine in x-ray pictures which are taken as the liquid passes through the digestive system.
Bile
a thick, bitter, greenish-yellow/brown fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It is released into the small intestine to help digest fat.
Biologic
a type of drug which can be used to treat IBD. See Biologic drugs for more information.
Biopsy
a small piece of tissue taken from the body for examination under a microscope.
Bowels
another name for the intestines.
Breath tests
simple tests that measure chemicals in the breath. These can help find abnormalities in the working of the intestines, such as lactose intolerance or overgrowth with bacteria.
Budesonide (Entocort)
a corticosteroid drug which can reduce inflammation in the intestine. When taken orally, it is specially designed to release the drug within the ileum. This local action can reduce the side-effects on other parts of the body. It can also be given through the rectum as an enema.
Bulking agents
these absorb water and swell up inside the bowel to soften hard stools or thicken liquid stools. They provide the bulk needed by the bowels to work normally.
Bypass
a surgical re-routing of the intestine.
Cecum
the first section of the colon, located in the right lower abdomen.
Capsule endoscopy
an investigation to examine the digestive system, particularly the small intestine. A small capsule containing a tiny camera is swallowed. As it passes through the intestinal tract it takes photographs which are transmitted to a data recorder worn by the patient. The capsule should pass out of the body naturally in a bowel movement.
Cholestyramine (Questran)
a drug used to treat certain types of diarrhoea in Crohn’s Disease. It works by absorbing
the bile acids produced by the liver. An excess of bile acids can cause diarrhoea. This is most likely to happen if the ileum is affected by Crohn’s Disease or if the ileum has been removed.
Chromoendoscopy
a type of endoscopy with a special type of dye spray to improve detection of abnormal cells in people with longstanding IBD.
Chronic (illness)
an illness or disease that is ongoing or continues for a long time (months or years).
Ciclosporin (Sandimmun/Neoral)
an immunosuppressant drug used for severe UC, usually to help avoid or delay surgery to remove the large bowel.
Ciprofloxacin
an antibiotic drug sometimes used for Crohn’s Disease.
Clinical trial / research trial - a study to investigate a treatment or test, which could ultimately lead to improvements in IBD management.
Cobblestoning
Characteristic appearance of the bowel mucosa (lining) seen in Crohn’s Disease that looks like ‘cobblestones’. It is formed by deep ulceration and swelling of the surrounding tissue.
Codeine phosphate
a painkilling drug also used to help control diarrhoea. It works by reducing the number of contractions in the bowel in order to slow down and reduce the frequency of passing stools.
Colectomy
surgical removal of the colon.
Colitis
inflammation of the colon.
Collagenous colitis
a form of Microscopic colitis where the lining of the colon develops a thicker than normal layer of collagen (a protein).
Colon (the large intestine)
the colon is the part of the intestine that follows on after the small intestine. The main
function of the colon is to absorb water from undigested food waste to form a normal stool.
Colonoscopy
an examination of the rectum, colon and last part of the small intestine (terminal ileum) using a narrow tube with a camera in its tip, sometimes called a colonoscope, which is inserted through the anus.
Colostomy
a surgical operation in which the cut end of the colon is brought through the abdominal wall to create an opening called a stoma. Digestive waste is then collected in a bag which is fitted over this opening and attached to the skin. It may be temporary or permanent.
Constipation
reduction in the number of times stools are passed. The stools are hard, dry and lumpy, and can be painful to pass.
Continent ileostomy
a surgical operation to create an internal pouch out of the ileum (the end of the small intestine). Food waste then collects in this pouch instead of passing into the colon. The pouch is emptied regularly with a small tube inserted through an opening in the abdomen
and there is no need for an external bag.
Corticosteroids
a group of hormones used as a drug treatment to control IBD. These include prednisolone, budesonide and hydrocortisone. Also known as steroids.
Crohn’s colitis
Crohn’s disease in the colon.
Crohn’s disease
an inflammatory bowel disease, which may affect any part of the digestive system from the mouth to the anus. All the layers of the lining of the bowel may become sore and inflamed.
CRP (C-reactive protein)
a protein in the blood which is often measured to check for active inflammation.
CT scan (computerized tomography)
a special x-ray test that uses a computer to produce pictures as slices or cross-sections of the body.
Defecation
the act of passing faeces or stools.
Dehydration
a condition caused by lack of water. This can occur if you lose too much liquid from the body through vomiting or diarrhoea, or are not drinking enough fluids.
DEXA (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry) scan
a scan that measures the density of bones to assess bone thinning and the risk of fractures.
Diarrhea
frequent and often urgent passing of loose or watery stools. It is usually defined as passing such stools 3 or more times a day.
Dietitian
someone who is specially trained and qualified to advise people about a healthy and appropriate diet.
Dilated
widened.
Distal or left-sided colitis
inflammation that extends up the left side of the colon, but not into the transverse (top) or right side.
Distension
an uncomfortable, swollen feeling in the abdomen, often caused by gas and fluid in the intestine.
Diverticular disease
a common condition in which small bulges or pouches, called diverticula, form in the wall of the colon. If these become inflamed and infected, this condition is called diverticulitis.
Double balloon enteroscopy (DBE)
a special type of endoscope with two small balloons attached to the tip to help it reach further into the small intestine than other endoscopes.
Duodenum
the first part of the small intestine.
Dysplasia
a change in the size, shape and pattern of cells in the lining of the gastrointestinal tract, which can be seen under a microscope and may indicate the possible development of cancer.
Electrolytes
salts in the blood, such as sodium, potassium and calcium.
Elemental diet
see enteral nutrition.
Endoscope
see endoscopy.
Endoscopy
a general term for the examination of the inside of the body using a tube with a camera in its tip, called an endoscope, which is inserted through the mouth or anus. The endoscopist carrying out the examination is a specially trained physician, surgeon or nurse. (See gastroscopy, colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy.)
Enema
a liquid or foam inserted into the large bowel through the anus, for diagnosis or treatment.
Enteral nutrition
a way of providing extra or total nutrition. A specially designed, easily digestible but highly nutritional liquid food is taken by mouth or passed into the stomach through a nasogastric tube (a fine flexible tube inserted through the nose).
Enteritis
inflammation of the small intestine.
Episcleritis
inflammation of the episclera (white of the eye).
Erythema nodosum
red, tender swellings occasionally seen on the shins and lower legs during a flare-up of IBD. These usually go down when the disease is in remission.
Erythrocytes
see red blood cells.
ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate)
a blood test used to measure inflammation in the body.
Exacerbation
a worsening of symptoms or an increase in the activity of the disease, often referred to as a relapse or a ‘flare-up’.
Extraintestinal manifestations
other symptoms outside of your digestive system which may appear as part of your IBD, for example uveitis or erythema nodosum.
Fecal calprotectin
specific proteins found in the stools (faeces). Increased levels of these proteins can be a sign of active inflammation.
Fecal transplant
procedure aimed at restoring a healthy balance of bacteria in the gut. It works by introducing intestinal bacteria from the faeces of a healthy donor into the recipient’s gut.
Feces (stools, motions)
waste matter from digestion passed out through the anus or stoma.
Fatigue
persistent physical or mental exhaustion that is more than normal sleepiness.
FBC (full blood count)
a blood test that measures red blood cell count, white cell count and platelet count.
Used to detect inflammation and anaemia, and also for monitoring patients on long-term medication.
Ferritin test
a blood test that measures iron levels in the body. A low level may indicate the need for iron treatment (see anaemia).
Fistula
an abnormal channel (or link) connecting two loops of intestine, or the intestine to another organ or to the skin.
Flare-up
a relapse or exacerbation of a medical condition such as IBD.
Flatus
gas from the stomach or bowels let out through the rectum or stoma, more commonly known as ‘wind’.
Folic acid or folate
a vitamin that is essential for forming red blood cells, especially during times of growth and cell division, such as infancy and pregnancy. A lack of this vitamin can result from a poor diet or poor absorption by the small intestine.
Fulminant colitis
a very intense and severe form of colitis that can happen suddenly.
Gastroenterologist
a doctor who is specially trained in the diagnosis and treatment of intestinal disorders, including Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis.
Gastroscopy
an examination of the oesophagus, stomach and duodenum, which is sometimes referred to as an Upper GI endoscopy. It uses a slim tube with a camera in its tip, usually called a gastroscope, which is inserted through the mouth.
Genetics
branch of science that examines how you inherit physical and behavioural characteristics from your parents, including medical conditions. Genetics are one of the combination of factors believed to be the cause of IBD.
Generic medicine
a term referring to the active ingredient of a medicine, rather than the brand name it is sold under, e.g. mesalazine.
Granuloma, granulomata
a round mass of non-cancerous inflammatory cells that may be found in the wall of the
intestine of people with Crohn’s Disease. These can be seen when a biopsy is examined under a microscope.
Gut
another word for the digestive system or gastrointestinal tract.
Hemoglobin
a substance in red blood cells that carries oxygen around the body.
Hemorrhoids
swollen veins in or around the anus which bleed easily and can become painful. Commonly known as piles.
Heartburn
see acid reflux.
Hepatic flexure
the part of the colon where the ascending and transverse colon meet (near the liver).
Hydrocortisone
a corticosteroid drug, which reduces inflammation.
IBD
Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
IBD nurse
nursing member of the IBD team with specialist training and knowledge of IBD, who can provide support for people affected by IBD.
IBD Unclassified (IBD-U)
also known as indeterminate colitis, colitis of uncertain type or etiology (CUTE). You may be described as having IBDU if it is unclear whether you have UC or Crohn’s Disease.
IBS
Irritable Bowel Syndrome - IBS is sometimes confused with Inflammatory Bowel Disease, but is a separate and different condition. Some of the typical symptoms of IBS, such as diarrhoea and abdominal pain, can be very similar to those of IBD – but IBS does not cause inflammation or bleeding.
Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA)
a surgical operation to create an internal pouch after removal of the colon. The pouch is made from the ileum and attached to the anus. This means you can pass stools through the anus in the usual way. Sometimes called restorative proctocolectomy or ‘j pouch’.
Ileocaecal valve
a valve at the joining of the small and large intestines that prevents food residue flowing back to the ileum from the colon.
Ileorectal anastomosis
a surgical operation for IBD after removal of the colon. The end of the ileum is attached to
the rectum.
Ileostomy
a surgical operation in which the cut end of the ileum is brought through the abdominal wall to create an opening called a stoma. Digestive waste is then collected in a bag, which is fitted over this opening and attached to the skin. It may be temporary or permanent.
Ileum
the lower part of the small intestine, which joins the colon at the ileocaecal valve. Inflammation of the ileum is known as ileitis.
Immune system
the body’s defence system. This is made up of different types of tissues and cells that protect the body against infectious or other harmful organisms which may cause disease. It responds by recognising and attacking antigens. Immunology is the study of the body’s immune system.
Immunosuppressants/immunomodulators
drugs that reduce inflammation over long periods of time (generally years rather than months), such as azathioprine.
Incontinence
unintentional passing or leakage of stools and/or urine.
Indeterminate colitis
see IBD-U.
Inflammation
the way the body responds to irritation, infection or other injury. Blood collects in affected areas, causing reddening, swelling and pain.
Infliximab (Remicade)
see anti-TNF drugs.
Infusion
a procedure to inject a liquid directly into the blood stream. This could be blood, or a liquid drug such as infliximab. The fluid flows from a sterile bag through plastic tubing through a small needle into a vein.
Intramuscular
into a muscle.
Intravenously
into a vein. Sometimes abbreviated to IV.
Iritis
painful inflammation of the eyes, which is sometimes experienced by people with IBD.
Isotope scan
see nuclear scan.
-itis
means inflammation of a part of the body, so for example colitis means inflammation of the colon.
Jejunum
the section of small bowel between the duodenum and the ileum.
Key-hole surgery
see laparoscopy.
Lactose intolerance
a common digestive disorder in which lactose (a sugar found in milk) is not broken down, due to a lack of or reduced lactase (an enzyme in the small intestine which digests lactose).
Lactose intolerance causes abdominal discomfort, diarrhoea and gas after drinking milk or eating milk products. This may affect people with IBD and can often be managed with a diet avoiding cow’s milk.
Laparoscopy
a procedure in which a lighted instrument called a laparoscope is passed through a small cut in the abdominal wall to examine internal organs or to carry out surgery. Also known as ‘key-hole surgery’.
Large intestine
see colon.
Laxative
a substance that helps you to have a bowel movement. Different types of laxatives act in varying ways to clear the bowel.
Left-sided colitis
see distal colitis.
Lesion
damage or injury to tissue anywhere in the body.
Leucocytes/leukocytes
white cells in the blood which help to fight infection. Leucocytosis is an increased number of white cells in the blood, while leucopenia is a decrease in the number of white cells in the blood.
LFTs (liver function tests)
blood tests that measure a specific group of proteins and enzymes found in the blood to show how well the liver is working.
Liquid diet
see enteral nutrition.
Liver
the largest gland in the body with many functions. Its main function is to regulate chemicals in the blood.
Lymphocytic Colitis
a form of Microscopic Colitis where there is an increased number of particular white blood cells (called lymphocytes) within the lining of the colon.
Maintenance therapy
treatment (usually one or more drugs) taken long-term to keep an illness in remission.
Malabsorption
the failure to fully absorb the nutrients in food through the intestines. Malabsorption may result in malnutrition.
MAP (mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis)
an organism that causes a disease in cattle similar to Crohn’s Disease. There is ongoing debate as to whether MAP is involved in Crohn’s Disease.
6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) (Purinethol)
an immunosuppressant drug closely related to azathioprine, used to treat IBD.
Mesalazine
the generic name for one of the 5-aminosalicylic acid (5 ASA) group of drugs. Brand names include Asacol, Mezavant, Pentasa and Salofalk.
Methotrexate
an immunosuppressant drug used to treat IBD when azathioprine or 6-MP cannot be tolerated.
Metronidazole (Flagyl)
an antibiotic which may be used to treat inflammation in Crohn’s Disease, particularly if there is infection in the anal area.
Microscopic Colitis
a form of inflammatory bowel disease where the appearance of the bowel lining appears normal to the naked eye, for example in an endoscopy. Inflammation is only seen when samples of bowel lining are looked at under a microscope.
Motility
involuntary movement often used to describe the contraction of muscles in the intestinal tract.
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan
an examination of internal organs using strong magnets and radio waves rather than x-rays. A computer converts signals from the scanner into detailed images. There is no radiation involved in this test.
MRI enteroclysis/enterography
types of MRI test used to assess the small and large bowel using a gas or liquid to give clearer images. In an enteroclysis test, gas or liquid is passed into the intestine through a tube. In an MRI enterography, the liquid is drunk.
Mucus
a white jelly-like fluid produced by the mucosa (the lining of the intestines). People with Ulcerative Colitis may have a lot of mucus in their stools.
Mycophenolate mofetil (Cellcept)
an immunosuppressant drug occasionally used to treat IBD when azathioprine or 6-MP cannot be tolerated.
Nasogastric tube
see enteral nutrition.
NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)
painkillers often used for arthritis, such as ibuprofen and diclofenac. There is some evidence that they may make IBD worse.
Nuclear scan
a scan in which a small amount of a radioactive substance (known as a tracer) is taken into the body (usually by injection). This radioactive substance gives out energy which can be detected by a special camera in order to produce an image.
Obstruction
a blockage of the small or large intestine, often due to a narrowing or stricture.
Occult blood
blood in the stool that cannot be detected except by a laboratory test.
Edema
swelling caused by the accumulation of fluid in the tissues.
Esophagus (gullet)
the part of the digestive system from the throat to the stomach down which food passes.
Olsalazine (Dipentum)
a 5-ASA drug used for treating Ulcerative Colitis.
Oral Crohn’s
Crohn’s Disease in the mouth.
Osteoporosis
thinning of the bones that may cause weakness and higher risk of fractures. It is more common in IBD than in the general population, and may be caused by long-term use of corticosteroids, severe active disease or by low levels of oestrogen (female sex hormones).
Osteopenia
is a mild weakness or thinning of the bones, which is not as severe as osteoporosis.
Ostomy
an artificial opening of the intestine onto the wall of the abdomen (see stoma).
Paediatrician
a doctor who specialises in the care of children and young people.
Pancolitis
inflammation of the entire colon (see total colitis).
Parenteral nutrition
a method of giving a specially prepared liquid food into a vein when nutrients cannot be absorbed through the intestines. Also called total parenteral nutrition or TPN.
Pathogen
a harmful organism, such as a bacterium or virus, that causes disease.
Pathology
the study of disease, its causes and progression. A pathologist is a doctor who specialises in examining samples of tissue (biopsy) blood, stools or urine to detect disease.
Perforation
an abnormal opening in the bowel wall which causes the contents of the bowel to leak into the normally sterile abdominal cavity.
Perianal
the area round the anal opening, that is, around the anus.
Peristalsis
the wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive system.
Peritoneum
the membrane (a thin layer of tissue) lining the inside of the abdominal cavity.
Peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum, often due to a perforation of the wall of the intestine.
PET scan
a PET (positron emission tomography) scanner scans the whole body to produce a 3D image. The person having the scan is given a small amount of a radioactive substance by injection, in a tablet, or through an inhaler, and the scanner uses the energy given off by that substance to produce a clear image of the inside of the body.
Piles
see hemorrhoids.
Polyp
a fleshy growth that juts out from the lining of the intestines.
Pouch (ileo-anal)
an internal pouch or reservoir made from the lower part of the intestine (ileum) which is attached to the anus. This allows stools to pass out through the anus in the usual way.
Pouchitis
inflammation of an ileo-anal pouch.
Prebiotic
a natural, non-digestible, substance found in certain foods, such as bananas and leeks, that stimulates the growth and activity of beneficial bacteria in the intestines.
Prednisolone
a corticosteroid drug used to reduce inflammation in IBD. It can be given in tablet form, by
injection into a vein, or by an enema or suppository through the rectum.
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
rare disease affecting people with IBD in which the bile ducts can become inflamed, and the liver can eventually be damaged.
Probiotics
bacteria found in supplements or food products, such as some yoghurts, that may benefit health by improving the balance of bacteria in the gut.
Proctitis
inflammation in the rectum.
Proctocolectomy
the surgical removal of the colon and rectum. See total colectomy.
Proctosigmoiditis
inflammation of the rectum and lower colon.
Prognosis
a prediction of what might happen in the future, that is, the likely progress of the disease.
Prophylactic therapy
preventive treatment.
Pus
a thick, white, yellow or greenish fluid, made up of dead white blood cells, found in abscesses, on ulcers, and on inflamed or discharging surfaces.
Pyoderma gangrenosum
a chronic skin condition with painful ulcers, most often found on the legs, which can affect people with IBD.
Radiologist
a doctor who specialises in interpreting x-ray, ultra-sound and other types of imaging or scanning examinations.
Rectal bleeding
any blood that is passed out through the anus.
Rectum
the last part of the colon.
Red blood cells or erythrocytes
blood cells containing hemoglobin, which carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and return carbon dioxide to the lungs.
Relapse
return of disease activity after it has been inactive. Often called a ‘flare-up’.
Remission
a period of good health, free of active disease, with few or no symptoms.
Resection
the surgical removal of a part of the intestine.
Restorative proctocolectomy
see ileal pouch-anal anastomosis.
Rheumatologist
a doctor with special training in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with diseases of the joints and muscles.
Right hemicolectomy
an operation to remove the terminal ileum and caecum.
Sacroiliac joints
joints in the lower back between the pelvis and the spine. These may become inflamed and painful in some people with IBD. This condition is called sacro-ilitis.
Septicaemia
a bacterial infection of the blood, commonly known as blood poisoning.
Seton
a loop of thread or rubber band passed through an anal fistula to allow pus to drain and to encourage healing.
Short bowel syndrome
where the bowel does not have enough surface area to absorb sufficient nutrients. This may occur if large sections of the small intestine have been removed.
Sigmoid colon
the lower end of the colon, connecting the descending colon to the rectum.
Sigmoidoscopy
an examination of the rectum and the lower colon using a short tube with a camera in its tip, called a sigmoidoscope, inserted through the anus.
Small bowel enema
a type of test or investigation in which liquid barium and air are passed into the small intestine through a fine tube inserted into the nose or mouth. This helps give clearer x-ray images.
Small intestine
the section of the intestines that digests food and absorbs nutrients after they have passed through the stomach. The small intestine is divided into three parts: the upper region - the duodenum; the middle region - the jejunum; the lower region - the ileum.
Splenic flexure
the part of the colon where the transverse and the descending colon meet (below the spleen).
Steroids
see corticosteroids.
Stoma
a surgically constructed opening of the intestine onto the abdominal wall, over which a bag can be fitted and sealed to the skin.
Stools
motions, faeces, poo.
Stricture
a narrowing of a section of the bowel due to bowel wall thickening, inflammation or scarring.
Stricturoplasty
an operation to widen a narrow section of the bowel, so that food matter or waste can pass through more easily.
Sulphasalazine (Salazopyrin)
a drug that combines 5-ASA with sulphapyridine. It is often used to treat UC or occasionally Crohn’s Colitis.
Suppository
a bullet-shaped capsule of a drug preparation which is inserted into the body through the anus into the rectum. This allows the drug to act directly on the affected area.
Sutures
stitches.
Symbiotic
a supplement which contains both a prebiotic and a probiotic.
Tacrolimus (Advagraf/Prograf)
an immunosuppressant drug, similar to ciclosporin, used for severe IBD.
Tenesmus
a constant urge to empty the bowel, usually caused by inflammation of the rectum.
Terminal ileum
the last part of the small intestine before it joins the large intestine.
Topical treatment
drug treatment applied directly to an affected area of the body. In IBD this usually refers to the use of suppositories and enemas to treat inflammation in the rectum or the lower section of the colon.
Total colectomy
see proctocolectomy.
Total colitis
see pancolitis.
Toxic megacolon
widening or swelling of the colon which may cause perforation, sometimes seen in a very severe attack of Ulcerative Colitis or Crohn’s Colitis.
TPMT (thiopurine methyltransferase)
an enzyme in blood which can be measured in a test to help predict the possibility of side effects from thiopurine drugs, such as azathioprine or 6-MP.
TPN
total parenteral nutrition. See parenteral nutrition.
Transition
the stage at which a young person moves from pediatric (child) health care to adult health care. This usually occurs between the ages of 14-18.
Tumour
an abnormal growth which may be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
U&E (urea and electrolytes)
a blood test which mainly checks kidney function.
Ulcer
an open sore on external or internal tissues of the body.
Ulcerative Colitis (UC)
an inflammatory bowel disease in which the inner lining of the colon and/or rectum becomes inflamed and ulcerated.
Ultrasound scan
a painless test using high-pitched sound waves to produce pictures of organs in the body. In IBD it may show inflamed parts of the intestine or an abscess in the abdomen.
Uveitis
inflammation of the eyes which causes redness and soreness, and can affect people with IBD.
Vedolizumab
biologic drug used to treat IBD which works in a different way to other biologics by blocking white blood cells, rather than by binding to TNF-alpha. See biologic.
Viruses
very small infectious agents which can only multiply within other cells. They are different from bacteria and this is why antibiotic treatment is not effective against viral infections.
Vitamin D
produced by the action of sunlight on our skin. Essential for bone health.
X-ray
an electromagnetic ray that passes through the body to produce pictures of the inside of the body on photographic film. Bones, muscles and organs absorb different amounts of radiation, so the pictures show different body parts in varying shades of light and dark.
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